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Best Vagus Nerve Stimulation Devices in Slovenia

Best Vagus Nerve Stimulation Devices in Slovenia

If you are searching for the best vagus nerve stimulation devices in Slovenia, the short answer is Pulsetto. It is a hands-free, CE-certified non-invasive vagus nerve stimulator made in the EU (Lithuania), it sits on the neck for short four-minute sessions, and it ships across the European Union including Slovenia with EUR pricing. This guide ranks Pulsetto first and then compares the other serious options you can realistically buy from Slovenia, with approximate EUR prices, who each device is a good fit for, and the science behind non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (nVNS).

The vagus nerve is the longest of the cranial nerves and the main highway of your parasympathetic ("rest and digest") nervous system. Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation aims to gently nudge your autonomic balance away from the sympathetic "fight or flight" state and toward calm. Consumer devices do this through the skin at one of two access points: the neck (cervical) or the ear (auricular). Both reach the same nerve. Below you will find the best vagus nerve stimulation devices for Slovenia buyers in 2026, organized so you can match a device to your goal, whether that is better sleep, lower anxiety, everyday stress, or a higher HRV (heart rate variability) score.

Best vagus nerve stimulation devices in Slovenia: quick comparison

Device

Type

Placement

Session

Approx. price (EUR)

Certification

EU/Slovenia availability

Pulsetto

Electrical nVNS

Neck (bilateral cervical)

About 4 min

Around €249-269

CE, FCC

Made in EU, ships to Slovenia

Nurosym

Electrical taVNS

Single ear clip

About 30 min

Around €699

CE

Ships within EU

Vagustim

Electrical taVNS

Both ears

Around 20-30 min

Around €360-720

ISO 13485, FCC

International shipping

Sensate

Infrasonic vibration

Chest (lie down)

About 10 min

Around €280-300

General wellness

Ships within EU

Apollo Neuro

Haptic vibration

Wrist/ankle

Flexible

Around €330-350

General wellness

International shipping

Truvaga

Electrical nVNS

Neck (handheld)

About 2 min

Around €190-470

General wellness

Mainly US

Hoolest VeRelief

Electrical nVNS

Neck (handheld)

A few min

Around €240-380

General wellness

Mainly US

gammaCore Sapphire

Electrical nVNS (prescription)

Neck (handheld)

About 2 min

Varies (clinician)

Prescription

Via a clinician


Prices change and vary by retailer, currency and promotions, so treat every figure as approximate. Where a device is priced in US dollars, the EUR figure is a rough conversion at the time of writing.

Best Vagus Nerve Stimulation Devices in Slovenia

Try Pulsetto

Ready to start? Meet Pulsetto, the hands-free neck wearable that delivers calm in about four minutes a session, with a free lifetime app and no subscription required for core use. It is CE and FCC certified, made in the EU, and ships to Slovenia in euros.

How we chose the best vagus nerve stimulators

Plenty of gadgets are marketed loosely as "vagus nerve" products. To rank the best vagus nerve stimulation devices for a Slovenia buyer, we weighed the criteria that actually matter when you are ordering from within the EU:

  • Mechanism honesty. True electrical nVNS sends a mild current to the vagus nerve through the neck or ear. Some popular wearables instead use haptic or infrasonic vibration. Both can help you relax, but they work differently, so we say plainly which is which.

  • Evidence. We favoured devices and stimulation methods backed by peer-reviewed research on HRV, sleep quality, perceived stress and anxiety symptoms. The science of vagus nerve stimulation is the backbone of this list.

  • Certification and EU availability. CE certification and realistic shipping to Slovenia carry real weight. A device that is excellent but effectively US-only is less useful here.

  • Ease and adherence. The best device is the one you will actually use. Hands-free wear, short sessions, and a simple app all raise the odds you stick with it, and nVNS benefits build with consistency.

  • Total cost. Up-front price plus any required subscription or consumable. A "cheap" device with a mandatory monthly fee can cost more over a year.

  • Comfort and fit. Neck placement, ear clips and earpieces feel different. We flag known comfort trade-offs.

With those criteria in mind, here are the picks, starting with the device we recommend first.

1. Pulsetto - best overall vagus nerve stimulator in Slovenia

Pulsetto is our top recommendation for Slovenia. It is a non-invasive vagus nerve stimulator you wear around your neck like a lightweight collar. It targets the vagus nerve through bilateral cervical stimulation (both sides of the neck) and runs short sessions of about four minutes. Because it is hands-free, you can sit back, breathe, and let it work rather than holding anything in place.

What it is and how it works

Pulsetto delivers a gentle electrical signal to the cervical branch of the vagus nerve. The goal is to activate the parasympathetic nervous system and shift you out of a stressed, sympathetic-dominant state. This is direct electrical nVNS, not haptic buzzing and not infrasonic sound. If you want the full background, the non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation explained guide walks through the mechanism, and the broader vagus nerve stimulation ultimate guide covers the wider context.

Importantly, Pulsetto is not a TENS unit. TENS devices target muscles and pain signals. Pulsetto targets the vagus nerve and autonomic balance, which is a different goal entirely. For more on why a neck-placed stimulator differs from generic electrode pads, see the best neck stimulator device overview.

Who it is for

Pulsetto is a good all-rounder for anyone in Slovenia who wants a calmer baseline: people dealing with everyday stress, restless evenings, racing thoughts before bed, or a low HRV they would like to nudge upward. Because sessions are short and hands-free, it fits realistically into a workday or an evening wind-down.

Key features

  • Bilateral cervical (neck) stimulation, hands-free, in a wearable collar form.

  • Sessions of about four minutes, which makes daily use easy to sustain.

  • Free lifetime app with five programs (Stress, Sleep, Burnout, Pain and Anxiety) plus HRV and sleep tracking and guided breathing. No subscription is required for core use; Premium is optional. You can confirm this in the do I need to purchase Premium explainer, and see what comes with Pulsetto Premium if you want the optional extras.

  • Two models to choose from. The Pulsetto FIT is the newer option, and the Pulsetto FIT vs Pulsetto Lite comparison helps you pick.

  • CE and FCC certified, made in Lithuania (EU), with conductive gel and USB-C charging plus a long battery life.

The evidence

The wider nVNS literature supports increases in HRV, reduced sympathetic stress responses, better sleep quality and lower anxiety scores (the references at the end of this article go into detail). Pulsetto also ran its own study. In Pulsetto's own randomized open-label pilot study (n=40, 4 weeks), participants reported a 55.9% reduction in depressive symptoms (PHQ-9), a 45.3% reduction in anxiety symptoms (GAD-7), and a 41.0% improvement in sleep quality (PSQI). Bilateral stimulation reduced the chronic-stress biomarker hair cortisol by 47.5%, compared with 31.4% for unilateral stimulation. You can read more on the ongoing studies and trials page, and browse real Pulsetto reviews for everyday impressions.

Price and value

Pulsetto costs around €249-269, a one-time purchase with the core app free for life. That total-cost picture is part of why it tops this list: there is no required subscription quietly inflating the price over time.

Pros and cons

Pros: hands-free neck wear; short four-minute sessions; free app with tracking and guided breathing and no required subscription; CE and FCC certified; EU made and shipped to Slovenia in euros; backed by its own pilot study plus the published nVNS literature.

Cons: it uses conductive gel, which is a small extra step before each session; the collar form factor is less pocketable than a tiny handheld; and like all nVNS, results build with consistent use rather than overnight.

Pulsetto is a general wellness product and is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease or medical condition.

2. Nurosym - good fit for the deepest published evidence base

Nurosym Cambridge, ON | Helios Physiotherapy and Rehab

Nurosym, from Parasym Health, is an electrical auricular (ear) stimulator. It uses a single-ear clip connected to a small handheld controller and runs longer sessions of around 30 minutes. It is app-free, so the controls live on the device itself, which some people prefer.

Nurosym is a good fit for buyers who care most about the strength of published clinical evidence and want a simple, app-free device. Its limitations for a Slovenia shopper are mainly price and ergonomics: at around €699 it sits at the premium end of this list, the half-hour sessions ask for a bigger time commitment than a four-minute neck session, and the single-ear clip is something you hold or anchor rather than wear hands-free. It is CE marked and ships within the EU.

3. Vagustim - good fit for an app-controlled ear device on a budget

VAGUSTIM Vagus Nerve Stimulator, Non-Invasive Drug-Free Solution for Pain  and Stress Relief, Better Sleep, Gut Health & HRV, Clinically-Tested  15-Minutes/Day Wellness Device with Ear Electrodes : Amazon.com.au: Health,  Household & Personal Care

Vagustim is an electrical auricular device that stimulates both ears using earpieces, paired with an app for adjusting parameters. Like Pulsetto, it stimulates bilaterally, though at the ears rather than the neck. It has newer model versions, carries ISO 13485 and FCC, and typically comes with a 14-day money-back window. Pricing is often around €360, frequently discounted from a higher list figure.

Vagustim is a good fit for people who want a lower-cost, app-controlled ear device and like the idea of tuning the stimulation themselves. The honest trade-offs: it is newer with fewer independent reviews than the most established names, some users report mild ear discomfort with the earpieces, and sessions are longer than Pulsetto's. If you are weighing ear versus neck placement, the best vagus nerve stimulation devices comparison lays out the differences.

Try Pulsetto today

Still deciding? For most people in Slovenia the simplest path to a calmer nervous system is the one you will actually keep up with. Pulsetto pairs four-minute hands-free sessions with a free app, CE certification and EU shipping. It is a strong starting point for stress, sleep and HRV alike.

4. Sensate - good fit for a meditation-style relaxation ritual

Sensate Review - Health Science Institute

Sensate is not an electrical stimulator. It is a smooth, palm-sized device that rests on your chest and uses infrasonic vibration (low-frequency sound you feel more than hear) during roughly 10-minute lie-down sessions, usually paired with soundscapes in its app. The aim is deep relaxation rather than direct electrical nVNS.

Sensate is a good fit for someone who wants a calming ritual closer to guided meditation, and it slots neatly alongside other relaxation devices and meditation tools. The caveat to keep in mind: because it uses vibration rather than electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve, it is a different mechanism, and it asks you to lie down for the session rather than carry on with your day. It typically costs around €280-300 and ships within the EU.

5. Apollo Neuro - good fit for a discreet wrist wearable

Apollo Wearable Health - Stress Relief & Natural Sleep Aid - Improve HRV -  Vagus Nerve Stimulator - Reset Vibrating

Apollo Neuro is a haptic wearable worn on the wrist or ankle. It delivers gentle vibration patterns rather than electrical stimulation, so it is not vagus nerve stimulation in the electrical sense. The idea is that soothing vibration signals safety to your nervous system across the day.

Apollo Neuro is a good fit for people who want a discreet, always-on wearable and who do not specifically want electrical stimulation. It works for daytime wear because there is no gel, no clips and nothing to hold. The honest limitation: it is a vibration device, so if your goal is direct nVNS with HRV-focused evidence, it is a different category. It costs around €330-350. If a wrist-worn approach appeals, the best wearable device for stress relief roundup covers similar options.

6. Truvaga - good fit for handheld neck stimulation (mainly US)

Truvaga 350 - A hand-held vagus nerve stimulator

Truvaga, from electroCore, is a handheld unilateral cervical device. You hold it against one side of your neck for short sessions of about two minutes. It is consumer (non-prescription) and uses the same general nVNS approach as gammaCore's prescription line.

Truvaga is a good fit for someone who specifically wants a handheld neck stimulator and short sessions. For a Slovenia buyer, the practical catch is availability: it is mainly sold in the US, so shipping, warranty and support can be less straightforward from the EU. Pricing runs roughly €190-470 depending on model and bundle. The main ergonomic difference from Pulsetto is that you must hold it to your neck for each session rather than wearing it hands-free.

7. Hoolest VeRelief - good fit for mid-priced handheld use (mainly US)

VeRelief Prime | Handheld Vagus Nerve Stimulator – Hoolest Inc.

Hoolest's VeRelief is another handheld unilateral cervical stimulator. Like Truvaga, you press it to one side of the neck and hold it in place for a short session. It sits in the mid price range, roughly €240-380.

Hoolest is a good fit for people who want a handheld device at a moderate price and do not mind holding it during use. As with Truvaga, EU availability is the main consideration, since it is primarily a US-market product, so check current shipping to Slovenia before buying. The hands-on (rather than hands-free) format is the key difference from a worn neck device.

8. gammaCore Sapphire - the prescription option

Electrocore - GammaCore Saphire | Ensera Design | Healthcare-Focused Design  Consultancy

gammaCore Sapphire, also from electroCore, is a handheld cervical nVNS device, but unlike everything else on this list it is a prescription product rather than a direct-to-consumer purchase. You obtain it through a clinician rather than ordering it freely online.

We include gammaCore here for completeness because searchers often ask about it. If you are specifically interested in a clinician-supervised route, this is the prescription path. For most people in Slovenia looking for an over-the-counter wellness device they can start using at home, a consumer option like Pulsetto is the more practical starting point.

Best vagus nerve stimulation device by use case

Different goals point to slightly different devices. Here is how the field maps to the most common reasons people in Slovenia look for a vagus nerve stimulator.

Best vagus nerve stimulator for sleep

If your main goal is winding down at night, look for a device with a dedicated sleep program and a session short enough to fit your evening routine. Pulsetto includes a Sleep program plus sleep tracking in its free app, and the wider research on auricular and cervical nVNS points to improved sleep quality with regular use. For a broader look at non-device approaches too, see the best device for sleep guide. A chest-resting option like Sensate can also help as a pre-sleep relaxation ritual, though through vibration rather than electrical stimulation.

Best vagus nerve stimulator for anxiety

For anxiety, the priority is consistency and a calming, parasympathetic-leaning protocol you will actually repeat. Pulsetto has a dedicated Anxiety program, and the nVNS literature supports reductions in anxiety symptom scores. The best vagus nerve stimulator for anxiety article goes deeper, and the best calming device for anxiety roundup covers adjacent tools if you want a fuller toolkit.

Best vagus nerve stimulator for stress

For everyday stress, short and frequent beats long and occasional. A four-minute hands-free session you can do at your desk is easier to sustain than a 30-minute lie-down. That practicality is why Pulsetto, with its Stress and Burnout programs, suits stress management well. The best wearable device for anxiety comparison and the techniques to soothe your nervous system both help round out a daily routine.

Best vagus nerve stimulator for HRV

HRV (heart rate variability) is the key autonomic biomarker, and it tends to fall under stress and rise as your parasympathetic system gets more time on the wheel. nVNS has been studied specifically for its effect on vagally mediated HRV. Pulsetto tracks HRV in its free app so you can watch your own trend over weeks. To understand the numbers, read why we should care about HRV and what is a good HRV score by age and gender. Note that HRV effects build gradually with regular use and the magnitude varies by protocol and person.

How to choose a vagus nerve stimulator in Slovenia

Use this short buying guide to match a device to your situation.

  • Decide neck or ear. Neck (cervical) devices like Pulsetto and the handheld electroCore line stimulate the cervical branch; ear (auricular) devices like Nurosym and Vagustim use clips or earpieces. Both reach the vagus nerve. Neck wearables tend to be the most hands-free. Read the vagus nerve anatomy and core functions primer if you want to understand the access points.

  • Confirm it is actually electrical nVNS if that is what you want. Apollo Neuro (haptic) and Sensate (infrasonic) are relaxation devices, not electrical vagus nerve stimulators. They can absolutely help you relax, but they are a different mechanism.

  • Check CE certification and shipping to Slovenia. Prioritise CE-certified devices with genuine EU availability so warranty and support are not a headache. Pulsetto is CE certified and EU made.

  • Factor in the total cost, not just the sticker. A device with a required subscription can cost more over a year than a pricier one-time purchase. Pulsetto's core app is free for life with no subscription required.

  • Match session length to your life. If you will not lie down for 30 minutes, a four-minute hands-free session is the realistic choice. Adherence is where results come from.

  • Mind the contraindications. Skip electrical stimulation, or get medical clearance first, if any of the safety conditions below apply to you.

For wider context on choosing nervous-system tech, the best nervous system regulation device and best HRV device guides are useful companions, and biohacking gadgets sets the category in a broader frame.

Advantages of Pulsetto:

The science of non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation

The vagus nerve is the main parasympathetic pathway in the body. When you are stressed, your sympathetic "fight or flight" branch dominates, your HRV usually drops, and your body stays primed for action. Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation aims to tip the balance back toward "rest and digest." Researchers access the nerve through the skin at the neck (cervical) or the ear (auricular); both routes reach the same nerve through different entry points.

The peer-reviewed evidence base, identified through the Consensus and PubMed databases, supports several effects. Stress is reliably associated with lower HRV [1]. Transcutaneous cervical and auricular vagus nerve stimulation have been shown to blunt the sympathetic stress response and shift autonomic markers [3][4][16]. Multiple studies and meta-analyses examine taVNS effects on HRV in healthy people, with effects that depend on protocol and age [6][7][8][9][18]. For sleep, randomized trials and reviews report improved sleep quality with taVNS in insomnia [11][12][13][14]. And slow, paced breathing (which a guided breathing feature supports) independently raises HRV and, as HRV biofeedback, reduces stress and anxiety [15][19][20]. None of this is a promise of a specific result for any individual; nVNS effects build with consistent use and vary by person and protocol.

It is worth being realistic. The category is young, individual responses differ, and a wellness device is not a substitute for medical care. Used consistently, though, nVNS is a low-effort way to give your parasympathetic system more practice, and the wider tools in the best non-invasive methods to ease anxiety guide pair well with it.

Safety and contraindications

Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation is generally well tolerated, but it is not for everyone. Do not use an electrical vagus nerve stimulator, or speak to a doctor first, if any of the following apply:

  • You have a pacemaker or any implanted electrical medical device.

  • You have epilepsy or a seizure disorder.

  • You are pregnant.

  • You have a known heart or carotid condition, unless a doctor approves.

  • You have had recent neck or throat surgery, unless a doctor approves.

If you are unsure whether a device is right for you, check with a healthcare professional before starting. You can also review whether Pulsetto is safe and the full list of contraindications of using Pulsetto for more detail.

Pulsetto is a general wellness product and is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease or medical condition.

Frequently asked questions

What is the highest rated vagus nerve stimulator?

There is no single "highest rated" device for everyone, because the best choice depends on your goal, your budget and where you live. For a Slovenia buyer who wants a hands-free, CE-certified, EU-made device with short sessions and a free app, Pulsetto is our top pick. People who prioritise the deepest published clinical evidence often look at Nurosym, while those who want an app-controlled ear device at a lower price consider Vagustim.

Is there a vagus nerve stimulator that actually works?

The non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation category is supported by a growing body of peer-reviewed research showing effects on HRV, the sympathetic stress response, sleep quality and anxiety symptom scores. Results build with consistent use and vary from person to person, so the device that "works" for you is largely the one you will use regularly. Consistency and a sensible protocol matter more than any single feature.

Which vagus nerve device is available in Slovenia?

Several are. Pulsetto is made in the EU (Lithuania), is CE certified and ships to Slovenia with EUR pricing. Nurosym, Vagustim, Sensate and Apollo Neuro also reach EU customers, though shipping terms and warranty vary by brand. Handheld US-focused options like Truvaga and Hoolest can be harder to buy and support from Slovenia, so check current availability first.

Is a vagus nerve stimulator worth buying?

If your aim is a calmer baseline, better sleep, lower everyday stress or a higher HRV trend, a non-invasive vagus nerve stimulator can be a worthwhile, low-effort addition to your routine, especially a device you will actually use daily. Look at total cost (including any subscription), CE certification, EU availability and session length. A short, hands-free session is easier to keep up than a long lie-down one, and adherence is where the benefit comes from.

What is the difference between neck and ear vagus nerve stimulation?

Neck (cervical) devices stimulate the cervical branch of the vagus nerve through the side of the neck, while ear (auricular) devices use a clip or earpiece to reach the auricular branch. Both access the same nerve through different entry points, and both have supporting research. Neck wearables like Pulsetto tend to be the most hands-free, whereas ear devices require clipping onto or inserting into the ear.

Is a vagus nerve stimulator the same as a TENS unit?

No. A TENS unit targets muscles and pain signals with electrical pulses, typically through pads on sore areas. A vagus nerve stimulator targets the vagus nerve to influence autonomic balance and the parasympathetic "rest and digest" response. Pulsetto, for example, is designed for the vagus nerve and autonomic balance, not for muscle or pain relief like a TENS device.

How long until a vagus nerve stimulator works?

Some people notice a calmer feeling during or shortly after a session, but the more meaningful changes, such as a rising HRV trend or steadier sleep, tend to build over weeks of regular use. Treat it like training rather than a one-off fix, and give a consistent routine several weeks before judging results. The effects you can expect from vagus nerve stimulation page sets realistic expectations.

How often can you use a vagus nerve stimulator?

Most consumer devices are designed for daily use, often once or twice a day, with each brand giving its own guidance. With Pulsetto, short four-minute sessions make daily use easy to sustain; see how often can I use Pulsetto for specifics. Always follow the manufacturer's instructions and respect the contraindications above.

Scientific research

The studies below were identified through the Consensus and PubMed databases. Pulsetto is a general wellness product and is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease or medical condition. Each links directly to the source by DOI, and all are indexed in PubMed.

[1] Stress and Heart Rate Variability: A Meta-Analysis and Review of the Literature (Kim et al., 2018, Psychiatry Investigation. PMID: 29486547)

[2] Critical Review of Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation: Challenges for Translation to Clinical Practice (Yap et al., 2020, Frontiers in Neuroscience. PMID: 32410932)

[3] Quantifying acute physiological biomarkers of transcutaneous cervical vagal nerve stimulation in the context of psychological stress (Gurel et al., 2019, Brain Stimulation. PMID: 31439323)

[4] Transcutaneous cervical vagal nerve stimulation reduces sympathetic responses to stress in posttraumatic stress disorder: A double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial (Gurel et al., 2020, Neurobiology of Stress. PMID: 33344717)

[5] Transcutaneous auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Median Nerve Stimulation reduce acute stress in young healthy adults (Sanchez-Perez et al., 2023, Frontiers in Neuroscience. PMID: 37746156)

[6] The effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on HRV in healthy young people (Geng et al., 2022, PLoS ONE. PMID: 35143576)

[7] Ear your heart: transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on heart rate variability in healthy young participants (Forte et al., 2022, PeerJ. PMID: 36438582)

[8] A systematic review of the effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on baroreflex sensitivity and heart rate variability in healthy subjects (Soltani et al., 2023, Clinical Autonomic Research. PMID: 37119426)

[9] Does transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation affect vagally mediated heart rate variability? A living and interactive Bayesian meta-analysis (Wolf et al., 2021, Psychophysiology. PMID: 34473846)

[10] Accelerated Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Inpatient Depression and Anxiety: The iWAVE Open Label Pilot Trial (Austelle et al., 2025, Neuromodulation. PMID: 40117415)

[11] Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Chronic Insomnia Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial (Zhang et al., 2024, JAMA Network Open. PMID: 39680406)

[12] Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Insomnia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (de Oliveira et al., 2025, Neuromodulation. PMID: 40323248)

[13] Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) improves sleep quality in chronic insomnia disorder: A double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial (Yeom et al., 2025, Sleep Medicine. PMID: 40398066)

[14] Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation Could Improve the Effective Rate on the Quality of Sleep in Primary Insomnia: A Randomized Control Trial (Wu et al., 2022, Brain Sciences. PMID: 36291230)

[15] Modulating Heart Rate Variability through Deep Breathing Exercises and Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation (Jensen et al., 2022, Sensors. PMID: 36298234)

[16] Transcutaneous Cervical Vagal Nerve Stimulation in PTSD: Effects on PTSD Symptoms and Interleukin-6 (Bremner et al., 2021, Journal of Affective Disorders Reports. PMID: 34778863)

[17] Effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on subthreshold affective symptoms and perceived stress: a single-blinded randomized trial in community-dwelling adults (Jackowska et al., 2025, Biological Psychology. PMID: 41290087)

[18] Age as an Effect Modifier of the Effects of taVNS on Heart Rate Variability in Healthy Subjects (Gianlorenço et al., 2024, Journal of Clinical Medicine. PMID: 39064307)

[19] Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback Improves Emotional and Physical Health and Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis (Lehrer et al., 2020, Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback. PMID: 32385728)

[20] The effect of heart rate variability biofeedback training on stress and anxiety: a meta-analysis (Goessl et al., 2017, Psychological Medicine. PMID: 28478782)

[21] Meditation programs for psychological stress and well-being: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Goyal et al., 2014, JAMA Internal Medicine. PMID: 24395196)

[22] Effect of breathwork on stress and mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised-controlled trials (Fincham et al., 2023, Scientific Reports. PMID: 36624160)

[23] The Virtual Sleep Lab: Accurate Four-Class Sleep Staging Using Heart-Rate Variability from Low-Cost Wearables (Topalidis et al., 2023, Sensors. PMID: 36904595)

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